Exploration
- Global circulation of good brought prosperity and disruption to merchants and governments of the Indian Ocean, Trans-Sahara, and overland Eurasian routes.
- European developments on Islamic and Asian knowledge and tools made transoceanic travel possible
- Caravel, maps, compass, sails, rudder
- New knowledge of global wind and current patterns
- Columbus, de Gama, Zheng He (How was China different?)
- Portuguese School for Navigation increases trade with West Africa and starts trading post empires.
- North Atlantic crossings in search of fisheries and settlements
- Jacques Cartier and Canada (Post-Classical discovery by vikings)
Royal chartered European monopoly companies
Global circulation of silver
Mercantilism, joint-stock companies
Atlantic system
Columbian Exchange
Intensification of cultural traditions and syncretism
Spread of diseases
Foods, cash crops, coerced labor
Domesticated animals
Okra and rice brought by Africans
Nutritional benefits
Deforestation and soil depletion
- Spread of Islam ― Sikhism
- Christianity ― Reformation
- Buddhism
- Vodun in the Caribbean
Renaissance
- Innovations in visual and performing arts
- Shakespeare
Demand for Labor Increases
- Peasant labor and silk textile production in China
- Slavery in Africa (households, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean)
- Plantation economy and slavery in Americas
- Coerced labor --> encomienda and hacienda systems
