Transportation Tech and Commercial Practices Facilitating Trade - Existing trade routes
- New trading cities
- New Trade Routes in Mesoamerica, Andes
 - Caravan, compass, astrolabe, ship design, maps
- credit, monetization
- State sponsored infrastructural
- Expansion of empires
Migration: Environmental and Linguistic Effects- Knowledge and technological adaptations (camel, horse, etc.)
- Bantu Migration: agriculture
- Languages: Swahili, Turkic, Arabic
Cross-Cultural Exchanges - Islam
- Diasporic communities
- Inter-regional Travelers
- Diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions
- Diffusion f scientific and technological traditions
Diffusion of Crops and Pathogens- Bananas in Africa, New rice varieties in East Asia, The spread of cotton, sugar, and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean basin
- Black Death followed the well established paths of trade and military conquest
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